Here are some brief explanations of the different types of words that make up speach/language.

Nouns

Nouns are words that describe a person, place or thing.

Verbs

Verbs are "action" words.

Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe a noun (i.e. describe person place or thing).

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that describe a verb (i.e. describe an activity).

Pronouns

Word Tense - this refers to a word being past, present or future tense. I ate, I eat, I will eat